Statue of the Infant Cupid (detail), Roman, A.D. In fact, we seldom clean to the point that we reveal metal. In the past, restorers would often remove surface oxidation layers in a mistaken belief that the surface had to have a metallic appearance to truly be representative of “bronze.” However, today we know removing these layers can also eliminate much of the surface detail, and we conservators employ much less aggressive cleaning methods. In addition to being colorful, patinas sometimes preserve details of the original surface layer of the bronze sculpture-such as the original surface contours and evidence of surface tooling such as polishing, chiseling, and scraping. Although some metallic bronze core may remain, the surface gradually reverts to its original state as an ore, reducing the metal content. The colors we see on ancient bronzes today are mostly a result of copper oxidizing to form red-brown cuprite, green malachite, and bluish azurite. Virus aerugo (vile or virulent patina) was destructive and disfiguring. Aerugo nobilis (stable bronze, or rust), today termed “noble patina,” was stable and enhanced surface appearance. Roman historian and writer Pliny distinguished between two types of patinas. Paul Getty Museum, 77.AB.30 Stable and Virulent Patinasīronze surface coloration and alteration was understood even in ancient times. Statue of a Victorious Youth (detail), Greek, 300–100 B.C. As examples, the bronze shown above from the site of Vani in the Republic of Georgia buried in a sandy soil has an even pale blue patina, while the Victorious Youth shown below, a sea burial, has a variegated patina with a range of colors. Today, ancient bronzes have burial patinas with a range of colors including red-browns, browns, greens, blues, and even black. These colors and so-called “burial patinas” have value in themselves, testifying to an object’s antiquity. Ancient bronzes, therefore, have a range of colors that have less to do with their original use and more to do with how they survived through time. To add to their stories, many bronzes discovered hundreds of years ago were restored according to the tastes of the day.

Following their useful life (over 2,000 years ago!), they were abandoned and buried in a variety of environments including rivers, oceans, and underground. It’s difficult to imagine that these objects were once part of a colorful world where marble was painted and bronze patinated (surface-treated) to produce more naturalistic colorations.īronze sculptures were cast from different alloys of copper, tin, and lead. When we see ancient sculpture in museums, we’re generally faced with beautiful white marble and green bronzes. Photo: Rob Harrell, Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Georgian National Museum, Vani Archaeological Museum-Reserve. Torso of a Youth (“The Vani Torso”) (detail), Colchian, 100–200 B.C.

Bronze patina